ORGANIC FERTILIZER STARTER

EXPERIMENT I

ORGANIC FERTILIZER STARTER

INTRODUCTION

BackgroundIncreasingly difficult to obtain artificial fertilizers such as urea encouraged to attempt how to meet the needs of fertilizer to agricultural businesses, especially food crops did not experience a sustained failure. How that is done must be able to guarantee the release of addiction, dependence both raw materials and technology used. The raw material used should be available in abundance all the time, easily obtainable, and cheap price. Similarly, the technology used should be simple, easily performed by anyone who wants to produce, and not expensive. The only alternative that can be done to overcome these problems is to replace artificial fertilizer with a natural fertilizer that can be done in a sustainable process. This natural fertilizer, better known as organic fertilizer.Organic fertilizer is basically a process of decomposition of organic matter decomposition by microorganisms. Making organic compost fertilizer is conventionally done and already had long known well by the farmers. However, it still requires a longer time, which is about 3 months. To speed up the composting process, have now produced a variety of products that can speed up the composting starter as EM4, BM, and so forth that have been much circulated and readily available at farm stores. Making starter can basically be made with ingredients of crop residues (wastes) which can be used as organic compost starter or other organic fertilizers.
Experiment ObjectivesGoal of the experiment is to investigate the process of making a starter, especially for the manufacture of organic fertilizer or compost bokasih and often known as the "mole". This experiment is expected to add specific skills to students of agriculture as working capital in time after a degree.

METHOD EXPERIMENT

Place and TimeExperiments conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology Department of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hasanuddin. The experiment was conducted at week practicum MK I series of Plant Nutrition.Materials and EquipmentThe material used is household waste, the fruits are already over-mature, aqua water, molasses (sugar drops) or granulated sugar or brown sugar or palm sugar water. The tool used was a kitchen knife, weights room, blender, mixer, measuring cups, filter cloth / gauze asbestos, lidded bucket size of 10 liters, stove, rubber foam, aqua bottle, funnel, white transparent plastic hose diameter 2.5 cm, liquid wax / white candles, cardboard to cover, bottle-shaped container packaging, and labeling.Implementation1. Each group prepares praktikan wet household waste and one type of fruit that is over-mature (broken or waste pieces).2. Weigh wet household waste and over-mature fruits (damaged), each 3 pounds, cut into small pieces.3. Blender household waste and broken pieces separately and add water aqua each of about 250 cc.4. The filtrate obtained was filtered with filter cloth clean each sample while squeezed and placed each in a separate bucket container.5. Heat the filtrate obtained separately. When using sugar or palm sugar, add the sugar into each of the filtrate, stirring rate each one as much as 5% of the amount of filtrate used. Heating is carried out over low heat, until it forms a small foam but not allowed to boil for 30 minutes.6. Foam is formed when heating discarded by using foam rubber, still heated.7. After heating, filtered again with a clean filter cloth is then added molasses or water nirah if it does not use sugar or palm sugar.8. The filtrate was filtered put into a bottle of aqua, aqua bottle cap with a cover that has been perforated with a diameter of 0.5 cm (according to the size of the white plastic tube).9. Take another aqua bottle, filled with water up to ¾ parts, then covered with aqua bottle cap that has been perforated with a diameter of 0.5 cm.10. Connect the bottle containing the filtrate with aqua aqua bottles containing plain water melului holes on the cover of the bottle until the end of the hose on the aqua bottles containing plain water immersed in ordinary water. Trim the hose connector on the cover of the bottle by using a liquid wax does not come out until the air at the edge of the hose in a bottle cover11. Store in a safe place neatly for 1-2 weeks until the odor is formed like a tape, and do observations every two days (see table observations).12. When the filtrate was smelling tape, then the filtrate is ripe and is often called a "mole" and is ready to use. Filtrate which have become incorporated in a closed container and given a label corresponding neat praktikan.13. The remaining filter (waste) is collected in a container (bucket), neatly covered with cardboard and then closed again with the bucket lid and fermented for 1-2 weeks until it forms a cream-colored microbial cultures.
Parameter ObservationsIn this experiment conducted several observational parameters, namely:1. The color of each filtrate filtrate filtrate household waste and fruit every 2 days until the end of the experiment.2. When the formation of air bubbles in the bottle of plain water and the velocity of air bubble formation (seconds).3. The smell that comes out of each filtrate were observed every 2 days
Introduction Task1. Explain what is meant by organic fertilizers.2. Why is household waste and fruit that is over-mature can be used as materials for organic fertilizer starter? Explain.
3. Besides the materials mentioned above, what other materials can be used to manufacture organic fertilizer starter?4. Describe the function of EM4 in the composting process.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

List of questions to be answered and included in the Results and Discussion:1. How color and odor filtrate on each sample observation. With the color and smell, what can you conclude? (Answers must be supported by at least three literature).2. Which observations in the sample indicates the speed of formation of air bubbles on each sample observation? Explain why the results obtained thus (Answers must be supported by at least three literature).3. How does the color on the surface of the culture filtrate of microbes? When the formation of microbial culture? (Answers must be supported by at least three literature).4. Draw conclusions and suggestions based on the results of the experiment (as well as include a list of libraries that you use)

cultivation of annual crops

Indonesia is a country rich in biological resources, whether plant, animal or mikroba.sehingga not wrong to say that Indonesia has sufficient resources to ensure food security for its residents. Indicators of food security also described a fairly good condition. 

South Sulawesi as one of the centers of food production in the country are expected to continue to support the food security efforts. in terms of geographical, South Sulawesi is a strategic area in the effort. However, when viewed by naked eye to see the weather conditions are uncertain right now, seems to be a bottleneck in productivity. And will result in some deficiencies in particular food availability on food availability of rice. 

By looking at these food conditions, food sources of growth will be optimal through food diversification program that includes production, consumption, marketing, and distribution. In fact, diversification is an alternative solution which may be enhanced greatly supported by the geographical conditions, particularly the diversification of non-rice foods such as barley, sorghum, wheat, or sesame. 

Non-rice food which is a commodity as an alternative crop diversification in the call for support has a support level of productivity. Suppose the commodity sesame production levels average 350 kg ha-1 dry bean Kassam (1988) in Soenardi. Barley crops around 6-7 million tons per year. And for national wheat production was able to meet 10% of the domestic wheat demand (privilege Ariani) 

The need for these commodities is very high. Even from any other dairy products are varied and interesting social tastes will support the diversification tersebu. As an example of the level of grain consumed by the needs of people living in urban. Similarly, the products processed sorghum, sesame and barley as wheat flour. Increased consumption of refined products will increase imports of these commodities in the country. 

Potential land suitable for the commodity in Indonesia is quite widespread, especially in Eastern Indonesia (KTI), which most of the territory of upland dry climates. Especially for wheat commodity rarely found in Indonesia because of the physical environmental conditions in Indonesia are not suitable for wheat crop which is a subtropical plant. However, the Indonesian people tend to prefer processed grain products such as instant noodles. 

Based on the description above is the background in this lab report writing and the background in conducting practical cultivation of seasonal crops. 

Objectives and Purpose 

The purpose of the practicum karakterisaasi crop sesame, sorghum, wheat and barley to find out how the characteristics of some of these komditi.Usefulness of practicum karakterisaasi crop sesame, sorghum, wheat and barley is to provide information about the characteristics of the plant so it can be developed in the fulfillment of domestic needs

SCOPE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

The scope of landscape architecture, among others, actively participate in various projects from large scale to small scale. As an example of a large scale is the footprint area of ​​industrial design, regional design studies, pernacangan recreation area. And small-scale environments such as parks, gardens and parks home office.
 

The scope of thought and activity responsibilities are landscape architecture study covers issues such as regional planning, conservation, preservation and conservation of the dynamic; pemcemaran problems, impaired sight, noise and litter; problems of erosion, ecology, natural resource problems; problems pegembangan historic places; issue of open space; masalagh growing urban development; traffic problems and linear development; problems of land reclamation, coastal issues and coastal livelihoods; problem of forest and wildlife is reduced and the problem of population.
 

landscape architects are three types of activity, namely:
 

1. Assessment and planning of forest area
Having a base of natural science and ecology to systematically evaluate a wide array of land suitability or land capability untul every possible futures.
Involves a group of experts, the results are land use plans, policies crate path setting, appointment of industrial sites, water conservation values.
 

2. The design footprint
The process of analysis, synthesis and footprint requirements for site usability. Landscape elements and facilities placed at the site in accordance with its function.
 

3. The design details of the landscape
Selection and correct use of business components / elements of the landscape.

A good architect should have:
a. Basic knowledge and practical know how to use plants as well as appropriate
b. Basic knowledge of geology, ecology, climatology, economics of cultural sociology.
c. General knowledge of architecture, civil engineering, urban planning and local governance
d. Biological and ecological awareness
e. Trained both in drawing plans
f. Able to give guidance planning of infrastructure and facilities
g. High scientific reasoning power, character and social spirit.

Profession of landscape architecture as a natural control for the future of human life. Organizations world-class landscape architecture profession is IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architects). A professional organization that collects the landscape of professional organizations from around the world based in Versailles, France. Initially, the Institute of Landscape Architechts founded by Sir Geoffrey Alan Jellicoe in Cambridge.
 

To Asociation Asia-named AFELA (Asian Forum of Educators in Landscape Architechture. The goal was established as a forum for the exchange of things that erhubungan with academic, researchers and students of landscape architecture in Asia. Activities include an international symposium every year, the exchange program faculty / researchers and students and publications.
 

In Indonesia called IALI (Indonesia Institute of Landscape Architecture) as a forum to develop and strengthen the brotherhood of science fellow members. Formed in 1978, spearheaded by Ir. Rachman and Dr. Zain. Sumarno Sostroaatmodjo. The goal is to foster and develop the establishment of science and the art and landscape architecture prpfesi Indonesia, formed a means to strengthen cooperation between the public landscape architecture in Indonesia, entered into a collaboration with institutions and agencies and non governmental pemeerintah, inside and outside the country for the benefit of the development of landscape architecture profession. IALI has become anggotan IFLA

External factors (environment) of landscape

Environment is a complex ecosystem that is outside the individual that influence growth and development of organisms. The scope of landscape architecture baanyak contain more environmental aspects.
Park as a whole yangmenyeluruh order unity among all environmental elements that influence each other. The environment is meant the natural environment, artificial ingkungan and social environment.
 

a. Natural environment
Natural environment includes abiotic environment and biotic environment. Of environmental biotic unsu-elements include vegetation, wildlife and humans. And the abiotic environment is meant the climate, soil geologisdan include topography and slope of the land, hidrografis and hydrological and drainage.
 

- Vegetation and wildlife
Vegetation and wildlife (flora and fauna) is an important element in a landscape, especially in the natural landscape. Kesua elements of this biota is a dynamic landscape elements, as it grows and grows with time. Betuk growth and color changes in plants, as well as shapes and patterns of migration in animals is an excellent complement to the richness, diversity, beauty and the beauty of a landscape.
In a natural landscape, biota-depth research and will either be able to maintain the existence and meningkatkn kelimpahana species have been found in an ecosystem. In an artificial landscape or the built landscape, selection of plants that are planted should be well planned remedy under consideration as the desired wildlife habitat (such as a place to rest or food) so the idea of ​​a landscape maintenance can occur naturally.
Plants can also be part of a landscape that berfungisi to manipulate the quality of the environment (bioengineering) womanly better peencemaran eg lower levels of air, reducing wind speed 9wind breaker), increase the availability of ground water, improving soil physical and chemical properties and others.
 

- Climate
Climate is the result of a number of factors which influence each other can not remain, including rainfall, air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, moisture, and wind. In planning, better products perecanaan adjust to the climate rather than "against" it. Npenyesuaian by utilizing the understanding of adverse aspects. Ideal climate is a goal in planning for human comfort. Premises does not oppose the continuity and preservation of natural and landscape can be maintained.
Temperature and humidity are the main climatic factors that affect human comfort. Temperature and humidity are too high or too low will cause inconvenience and disruption of some human aktiviitas. Convenience is also achieved when the wind can terasakn keehadirannya the wind that is not trapped or that are not too tight. Wind is also a medium for the spread of pollutants so that the wind berhubungandengan knowledge is needed in environmental improvements.
Rainfall along with temperatures greatly affect the existence of the spread da biota and fragility of natural resources. Planning a landscape must know the climatic conditions.
 

- Geological and soil
Knowledge, infirmasi and data on geological and soil conditions is important to note because both support the continuity of activities, life and order which is planned on a site. Examples of data related to geological conditions, among others ketesediaan water, vulnerability to earthquakes and soil fertility, suitability of land to other forms of activity. Preserve, reclaim, improve and follow the initial condition of an analysis of alternative actions related to the nature and character of the various geological and land.
For the purposes of land planning, land classified into two:
 As a medium to grow crops (agriculture classification)
 As a place for the construction of building structures (angineering classification)
With consideration of different weights and different, both are used among others for determining the location of greening, and building sanitation facilities and recreation areas, habitat and other aquatic life. Dt geological and soil combined with other data to ensure a better understanding of the system because there are known soil, climate and biota are interlinked, as well as other artificial landscape systems.
 

- Topography and slope
Formed the basis of land surface topography of a site or structure, other than a determinant of areal extents for an interest or an activity to be planned or developed. Is also a visual and aesthetic resources that greatly affect the location, the various land use, as well as a variety of functions, interpretation, and others.
The diversity of land formations have advantages and disadvantages berbagaia physical and arsitekrutal perncanaan hanging from the goal and the development footprint. Generally, land that has a topography and a relatively flat slope of the land would give advantage because it can be used for a variety of recreational activities and human life and also for the laying of various supporting facilities. Steep land bilatidak unhandled denganbaik avalanche hazard will cause harm is very good, but naturally has an advantage in helping the natural drainage flow systems and dangat visually aesthetic.
 

- Hiodrrografis and hodrologis
Availability (in quantity, quality, and distribution) and the preservation of water and water bodies (water bodies) not only meruapakan slaah an important factor for the existence of human life and other living creatures but also one of the factors enhancing the beauty and diversity in a landscape .
Decline in water availability, damage or lack of a functioning water bodies are often caused by human carelessness and ignorance of lingkunganya. Further impact from the declining availability of water is the reduction of human comfort, and decreased physical and psychological quality aamai beauty of the landscape. Various shapes and natural character, as well as the impact of the use of water bodies is important to note that the use, reclamation, modification, preservation and enhancement of quality beauty can ingkungan ddiwujudkan.
 

- Drainage
Drainage system designed to collect and channel rain water and subsurface water. This system provides security and comfort to the occupants of the house and protection against environmental infrastructure construction and other built areas of flood, erosion and other damage caused by water

Hedgerows

Hedgerows as its name is a plant that functions as a fence (barriers) of this plant is known also as the plant boundary (border) crop edge (Edgins). Plants do not have any height fence, high fence tanman can be adjusted to the needs. Various types of plants can be an option. If you want a high fence and completely closed, high shrubs, low shrubs. And high shrubs, mass planting can be aligned, however, if the plant just a divider, cover crops and short shrubs with an interesting arrangement of the composition can be appliedExamples are the hedge-tehan, heliconia and aerfa or spinach-bayaman.Fence with attractive plants, with a little creativity, any delimiter can appear attractive garden with a variety of attractive colors that the namesFence natural fit to apply the pad Ataman tropical style. A maximum height of plants can be a benchmark on the fenceFences can be made from planting one crop with a parallel pattern to form topiary. The establishment of the plant canopy will strengthen fences function is physically and psychologically
some examples are;Wax flowers are ornamental plants that can also be used as a medicinal plant. The flowers are yellow and shaped bunches at the end of the shaft. These flowers will stand out among the green leaves. This chronic shrub can grow up to 1 m and likes loose soil and fertile in the sun. Grow best at an altitude of 10-1500 meters above sea level. The trunk round, jointed, rough, brown and green. Leaves single, cross face, not stemmed. Leaf blade oblong-shaped, tapered tip and base. Green leaves with rough leaf surface, leaves 5-15 cm long and pinnate pertulangan.This wax flowers bloom in the summer with compound interest that came out at the end of the stem or branch. Fascicle sheath flower form with flower-shaped oval and tapered tip. Flowers arranged like a hump, with varying sizes and colored yellow. Ravel petals, the shape of needles, 1 to 1.5 cm long, and yellow. 2 stamens with anthers arrow-shaped and green. Beak-shaped petals, the tip bercangap 2, asymmetrical, 3-8 cm long, smooth, and white. The fruit boxes, oval, rough, with a length of 3-8 mm, and green. Seeds round, the number of lots, loud, and black.Root fibers, greenish brown.Treatment:- The frequency of fertilization 1 time / month- Frequency of repotting 1 time / yearFunction:- Limiting crop- Plant fence- Penemarak plants
Brunfelsia calycinaThe flowers are trumpet-shaped, soft scent of flowers. Plants from brazil has 3 colors of flowers in one tree that is blue, purple at the time of bloom, then blue and bluish-white when will wither. Many costal jasmine planted in courtyards houses, offices or pages on planting in the gardens of ornamental plants kotasebagai. When planted in upland areas, better growth and more flowers than if planted in lowland areasJasmine costal terasuk type shrubs that have many branches, the height can reach 1.5-2m. Sitting leaves scattered, short bertangakai once. Strands of elongated oval-shaped leaves, the leaf tip and tapered base, 4-7 cm long, 3-5 cm wide.Propagation of plants can be done by stem cuttings or by grafting. Propagation by cuttings or grafts, which stems in selected does not need to be too young or too old. Propagation of plants by grafting, after the roots out on your incision and in the estimate has been able to live for the plant in place of Ian, these grafts can be cut and planted in a place that has been providedJasmine ribs can live well in places that are open and subject to direct sunlight, both in lowland and upland. In place is a bit sheltered and still be able to grow and bloom, but not as good in the open. When planted in mountainous areas, growth and flower better than if planted in lowland areas.
Treatment:- Watering and fertilizing should be done regularly according to crop needs. on the growth phase of these plants need fertilizer with high nitrogen content, whereas at the moment it was time to flowering plants need fertilizer that has a high phosphorus content. In addition to using artificial fertilizers, better mengguanakan manure or compost. Fertilization is done 1 time per 3 months- Jasmine rib does not require special treatment, but that growth was good and healthy, growing media or land to grow harys fertile, friable and drainage arrangements should be good.- Frequency trimming 1 time / 3 months- With care, watering, fertilizing regularly according to the needs of plants in setipa phase of growth, the plants will grow healthy, not susceptible to disease, and bloom continuouslyLandscape functions:- Taaman steering or fence- Point of interest in the park when it is flowering- Neutralizing bad smells in the garden

Vines

One very interesting group of plants that are vines. Indeed, the attention given to the group of plants is not sufficient. Perhaps because of the way of life that propagate impression hassle to handle, and even some types of yagn rapid growth tends to be invasive and menggulma. However, if more attention just a little, will publish a lot of curiosity even further, until we can recognize, know and understand it. 
Vines often used as an ornamental plant. Many beautiful gardens have ornamental pergola of vines. Not the least beautiful of flowering vines. Strands of flowers, foliage, and even buahnyapun often creates the impression of a romantic. Vines are not only attractive in terms of aesthetics. But it is also attractive in terms of biology, how perambatannya, pemamfaataannya in human life, until towards the cultivation. 
Vines are characteristic of tropical forest ecosystems. Bogor Botanical Gardens is a collection of botanical gardens and tropical plant conservation center. No escape as the vines also makes one of his collection. Vines has been a collection since the inception of the Bogor Botanical Gardens itself. Structuring the environment intensively on its own since the beginning since the JE Tejsman (1831-1867). This is because the vine is a plant very abundant tropical areas of our country, both in terms of quantity, type and kepadatanya. The results of the study some biology researchers in the late 1980s showed that about 19% of plant species contained a lowland tropical vines, by liana density that varies following the land area. The density of adult lianas (stem diameter 2.5 cm) in Borneo at 40 individuals / ha. They are a contributor to oxygen and biomass significantly. Of course not only that, the more important reason for the existence of a collection of vines in the Bogor Botanical Gardens is the diversity of function and purpose to human life. 
Another advantage possessed by most of the vines are grown recalcitrant and mullahs. Such properties make the owner is not bothered by the maintenance. Routine maintenance in akukan enough trimming. Conducted every two weeks to once a month. The more rapid growth during the rainy season. 
The vines are often planted as a flowering pot plant. Diameter pots in ¬ use ranges between 20-30 cm. They are very suitable to utilize as topiari. For this purpose, shellfish pots must be equipped ¬ ka. Made with wire or metal. Topiari flowering vines can be displayed in the middle of the park and in front of the gate. 
Maintenance vines 
Way of propagation is done is not difficult. It takes patience. Panhandle plants gradually wrapped in a framework that is already available. So as not easily dislodged tied with plastic straps. Ties can be removed when the rod has been wrapped around a sturdy frame. Topiari shape and shading looks better when the leaves of plants grow lush. 
Fertilization is done once every 1 month. Using the NPK fertilizer. Choose a fertilizer with phosphorus content of more than 50%. Or with NPK ratio of each 0 1 50 30. Plants are planted in pots in ¬ get as much as 1 tablespoon of fertilizer. While the plants are grown directly in the garden portion of the fertilizer given 2 tablespoons and given 3 months. In addition, pruning can also stimulate and increase the number of bunches of flowers produced.

One of the vines Utilization 
The core of the shade is to reduce the levels of sunlight that falls directly onto the floor or floors made our earth. People use a lot of materials from non-natural formations to memperteduh their space. But they forget that the materials they use to make it even more unstable in the neighborhood microclimate.And one way to stabilize the condition is to use vegetation. For people who have a large area, possibly using a tree is not a problem. However, in contrast to when you only have a narrow field. Besides the roots that can damage the walls, the leaves that fall into the neighbor can also pose new problems. 
To overcome this, can we make a shade made from natural ingredients. We know him as the pergola. In the world of landscaping, pergola much in use to create a shade-shade that is natural. With the construction of not meeting creeping plants can grow on the sidelines of construction. Construction is in use can be of wood, iron or other material. Depending on the aesthetic value that will be desired and your favorite. 
Pergola is an absorption which is also used words in English and German. Pergola is actually a roof structure which is an additional roof of the main roof, the roof where it can be used as an extension / extension roof of the main house or it could also be the structure that stands alone and is located separately from the main roof. At first, the pergola is formed of wood or blocks that are arranged in line (generally serves as a shade) and commonly found in buildings with Mediterranean style. Later in development, the expanded functions of the pergola, which is used to bermacammacam purposes, such as a roof for the swimming pool area, kitchen, and terrace. 
But in general, we are more familiar with the use of the pergola as a closing garage or carport. In subsequent developments, it turns out that the selected material type and variety of structures that are used also participated also undergo change, in line with the new discoveries in the field of technology. At present, we can find a wide range of pergola on the market. 
Pergola many different forms, there is a square, circle, half circle or abstract form. Once again we adjust the existing environmental conditions. Once the pergola is ready and already up, do not forget to provide a place to grow crops. Can a patent or not so easy to maintain and easy to move around. Here is an example sketch using a pergola for the garden with peneduhnya

PLANT ECOLOGY of COCONUT

Coconut is a plant species of the tribe of palm-arenan or Arecaceae and is the sole member in the genus Cocos. These herbs are used almost all its parts by humans so it is considered as a versatile plant, especially for coastal communities. Coconut is also the name for the fruit produced by this plant. (Anonim1, 2010)
Ecology Coconut
Coconut plants require a suitable environment for growth and production. Environmental factors are sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil conditions and wind speed. In addition, climate is an important factor that will determine the growth of coconut.
1. Soil
Coconut plants can grow on the alluvial soil type, lateril, volcanic, sandy, clay and rocky soil. The degree of acidity (pH) of the best soil for growing coconut tanamaan is 6.5 to 7.5. However, oil can still be grown on land that has a pH of 5-8.
2. Climate
Several climatic factors to consider are: location of latitude, altitude, rainfall, temperature, kelembababn, solar radiation and so on. Coconut growing optimum at 10 LS-10 LU, and still grow well at 15 LS-15 LU. Therefore, numerous palm grows in tropical areas such as Filipinos, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Several climatic factors are important in the growth of coconut.
a) The Coconuts grow well in areas with rainfall between 1300-2300 mm / year, even up to 3800 mm or more, as long as the soil has good drainage. However disttribusi rainfall, soil's ability to hold rain water and ground water depth, is more important than the amount of rain throughout the year.
b) The wind plays an important role in pollinating flowers (for cross pollination) and plant transpiration.
c) Oil liked by long exposure to sunlight a minimum of 120 hours / month or 2000 hours / year as an energy source of photosynthesis. When shaded, the growth of young plants and fruit will be too late. In the months where the monthly jumlaah irradiation is higher than the average, total production is usually a lot more.
d) Coconut rendaah very sensitive to temperature and grows best at a temperature of 20-27 C. At a temperature of 15 C, there will be changes in physiological and morphological plant coconut. Palm growth is strongly influenced by temperature, especially during fruiting. Low temperature is not suitable for the optimal 27 C with a maximum daily variation of 7 C.
e) Elevation, coconut crops commercially can grow well at altitudes from the seafront up to 600 meters above sea level. Optimual altitude 0-450 m above sea level. Coconuts can grow above that altitude, but the result is reduced. At an altitude of 450-1000 m above sea level change terlambta time, the production of small and low oil levels. In some locations on the edge paantai, many grow up with the good fairy.
f) Humidity, in addition to hot weather crops like coconut moist air. However, if the air is too humid for a long time, also not good for plant growth, as it reduces evaporation and absorption of nutrients and invites fungus diseases. Palm will grow well in average monthly rH 70-80% minimum of 65%. When rH air is very low, high evapotranspiration, plant drought early fruit fall (before cooking), but if rH is too high causing pests and diseases. (Anonim2, 2010)
According to James A. Duke, 1983 that coconut can be found ranging from dry subtropical regions to temperate regions through the wet tropics. Even these plants are found down to very dry climates to wet forest zone. Coconuts are reported from the station takes 7-42 dm annual rainfall (average of 35 cases = 20.5), requiring annual temperature 21-30 ° C (average of 35 cases = 25.7 ° C) with a range of 4 - consecutive 12-month ice-free, with at least 60 mm rainfall, and pH 4.3 to 8.0 (average of 27 cases = 6.0)