Vines

One very interesting group of plants that are vines. Indeed, the attention given to the group of plants is not sufficient. Perhaps because of the way of life that propagate impression hassle to handle, and even some types of yagn rapid growth tends to be invasive and menggulma. However, if more attention just a little, will publish a lot of curiosity even further, until we can recognize, know and understand it. 
Vines often used as an ornamental plant. Many beautiful gardens have ornamental pergola of vines. Not the least beautiful of flowering vines. Strands of flowers, foliage, and even buahnyapun often creates the impression of a romantic. Vines are not only attractive in terms of aesthetics. But it is also attractive in terms of biology, how perambatannya, pemamfaataannya in human life, until towards the cultivation. 
Vines are characteristic of tropical forest ecosystems. Bogor Botanical Gardens is a collection of botanical gardens and tropical plant conservation center. No escape as the vines also makes one of his collection. Vines has been a collection since the inception of the Bogor Botanical Gardens itself. Structuring the environment intensively on its own since the beginning since the JE Tejsman (1831-1867). This is because the vine is a plant very abundant tropical areas of our country, both in terms of quantity, type and kepadatanya. The results of the study some biology researchers in the late 1980s showed that about 19% of plant species contained a lowland tropical vines, by liana density that varies following the land area. The density of adult lianas (stem diameter 2.5 cm) in Borneo at 40 individuals / ha. They are a contributor to oxygen and biomass significantly. Of course not only that, the more important reason for the existence of a collection of vines in the Bogor Botanical Gardens is the diversity of function and purpose to human life. 
Another advantage possessed by most of the vines are grown recalcitrant and mullahs. Such properties make the owner is not bothered by the maintenance. Routine maintenance in akukan enough trimming. Conducted every two weeks to once a month. The more rapid growth during the rainy season. 
The vines are often planted as a flowering pot plant. Diameter pots in ¬ use ranges between 20-30 cm. They are very suitable to utilize as topiari. For this purpose, shellfish pots must be equipped ¬ ka. Made with wire or metal. Topiari flowering vines can be displayed in the middle of the park and in front of the gate. 
Maintenance vines 
Way of propagation is done is not difficult. It takes patience. Panhandle plants gradually wrapped in a framework that is already available. So as not easily dislodged tied with plastic straps. Ties can be removed when the rod has been wrapped around a sturdy frame. Topiari shape and shading looks better when the leaves of plants grow lush. 
Fertilization is done once every 1 month. Using the NPK fertilizer. Choose a fertilizer with phosphorus content of more than 50%. Or with NPK ratio of each 0 1 50 30. Plants are planted in pots in ¬ get as much as 1 tablespoon of fertilizer. While the plants are grown directly in the garden portion of the fertilizer given 2 tablespoons and given 3 months. In addition, pruning can also stimulate and increase the number of bunches of flowers produced.

One of the vines Utilization 
The core of the shade is to reduce the levels of sunlight that falls directly onto the floor or floors made our earth. People use a lot of materials from non-natural formations to memperteduh their space. But they forget that the materials they use to make it even more unstable in the neighborhood microclimate.And one way to stabilize the condition is to use vegetation. For people who have a large area, possibly using a tree is not a problem. However, in contrast to when you only have a narrow field. Besides the roots that can damage the walls, the leaves that fall into the neighbor can also pose new problems. 
To overcome this, can we make a shade made from natural ingredients. We know him as the pergola. In the world of landscaping, pergola much in use to create a shade-shade that is natural. With the construction of not meeting creeping plants can grow on the sidelines of construction. Construction is in use can be of wood, iron or other material. Depending on the aesthetic value that will be desired and your favorite. 
Pergola is an absorption which is also used words in English and German. Pergola is actually a roof structure which is an additional roof of the main roof, the roof where it can be used as an extension / extension roof of the main house or it could also be the structure that stands alone and is located separately from the main roof. At first, the pergola is formed of wood or blocks that are arranged in line (generally serves as a shade) and commonly found in buildings with Mediterranean style. Later in development, the expanded functions of the pergola, which is used to bermacammacam purposes, such as a roof for the swimming pool area, kitchen, and terrace. 
But in general, we are more familiar with the use of the pergola as a closing garage or carport. In subsequent developments, it turns out that the selected material type and variety of structures that are used also participated also undergo change, in line with the new discoveries in the field of technology. At present, we can find a wide range of pergola on the market. 
Pergola many different forms, there is a square, circle, half circle or abstract form. Once again we adjust the existing environmental conditions. Once the pergola is ready and already up, do not forget to provide a place to grow crops. Can a patent or not so easy to maintain and easy to move around. Here is an example sketch using a pergola for the garden with peneduhnya

PLANT ECOLOGY of COCONUT

Coconut is a plant species of the tribe of palm-arenan or Arecaceae and is the sole member in the genus Cocos. These herbs are used almost all its parts by humans so it is considered as a versatile plant, especially for coastal communities. Coconut is also the name for the fruit produced by this plant. (Anonim1, 2010)
Ecology Coconut
Coconut plants require a suitable environment for growth and production. Environmental factors are sunlight, temperature, rainfall, humidity, soil conditions and wind speed. In addition, climate is an important factor that will determine the growth of coconut.
1. Soil
Coconut plants can grow on the alluvial soil type, lateril, volcanic, sandy, clay and rocky soil. The degree of acidity (pH) of the best soil for growing coconut tanamaan is 6.5 to 7.5. However, oil can still be grown on land that has a pH of 5-8.
2. Climate
Several climatic factors to consider are: location of latitude, altitude, rainfall, temperature, kelembababn, solar radiation and so on. Coconut growing optimum at 10 LS-10 LU, and still grow well at 15 LS-15 LU. Therefore, numerous palm grows in tropical areas such as Filipinos, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. Several climatic factors are important in the growth of coconut.
a) The Coconuts grow well in areas with rainfall between 1300-2300 mm / year, even up to 3800 mm or more, as long as the soil has good drainage. However disttribusi rainfall, soil's ability to hold rain water and ground water depth, is more important than the amount of rain throughout the year.
b) The wind plays an important role in pollinating flowers (for cross pollination) and plant transpiration.
c) Oil liked by long exposure to sunlight a minimum of 120 hours / month or 2000 hours / year as an energy source of photosynthesis. When shaded, the growth of young plants and fruit will be too late. In the months where the monthly jumlaah irradiation is higher than the average, total production is usually a lot more.
d) Coconut rendaah very sensitive to temperature and grows best at a temperature of 20-27 C. At a temperature of 15 C, there will be changes in physiological and morphological plant coconut. Palm growth is strongly influenced by temperature, especially during fruiting. Low temperature is not suitable for the optimal 27 C with a maximum daily variation of 7 C.
e) Elevation, coconut crops commercially can grow well at altitudes from the seafront up to 600 meters above sea level. Optimual altitude 0-450 m above sea level. Coconuts can grow above that altitude, but the result is reduced. At an altitude of 450-1000 m above sea level change terlambta time, the production of small and low oil levels. In some locations on the edge paantai, many grow up with the good fairy.
f) Humidity, in addition to hot weather crops like coconut moist air. However, if the air is too humid for a long time, also not good for plant growth, as it reduces evaporation and absorption of nutrients and invites fungus diseases. Palm will grow well in average monthly rH 70-80% minimum of 65%. When rH air is very low, high evapotranspiration, plant drought early fruit fall (before cooking), but if rH is too high causing pests and diseases. (Anonim2, 2010)
According to James A. Duke, 1983 that coconut can be found ranging from dry subtropical regions to temperate regions through the wet tropics. Even these plants are found down to very dry climates to wet forest zone. Coconuts are reported from the station takes 7-42 dm annual rainfall (average of 35 cases = 20.5), requiring annual temperature 21-30 ° C (average of 35 cases = 25.7 ° C) with a range of 4 - consecutive 12-month ice-free, with at least 60 mm rainfall, and pH 4.3 to 8.0 (average of 27 cases = 6.0)

ENZYMES

Living cells is dependent chemical factories of energy that must follow the laws of chemistry. Chemical reactions that take place in living cells are collectively known as metabolism. Thousands of reaction takes place in each cell, so that your metabolism is a process that impressive. Plants produce a number of complex compounds called secondary metabolites, which may serve to protect the other parts. Plants also produce vitamins that are important to the plant itself, animals, and humans. Besides plants produce a hormone that communicates various parts in controlling and coordinating the development.

Some reactions to form large molecules such as rice, cellulose, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids. Formation of large molecules from small molecules called anabolism, and the process requires energy input. Catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into small molecules and the process releases energy. Respiration is the process of primary catabolism in all cells that release energy, which involves the decomposition of the oxidation of the sugar producing CO2 and H2O. 

Anabolism and catabolism to form metabolic pathways, which convert compound A to B, then B to C, C to D, and so on to set up a final result. In respiration, glucose is A, CO2 and H2O are the final results of the metabolic pathways that involve several tens of reactions. Metabolic pathway that will work and the speed is controlled by the cell lines with the help of enzymes (biokatalisator). Usually the enzyme accelerates the reaction with a speed between 108 and 1020. Enzymes work more effectively 108 to 109 compared with the conventional catalyst. 

In addition the enzyme is more specific than an organic or organic catalyst in the reaction dikatalisisnya artificial. The advantages of this enzyme is followed by an enzyme deficiencies is a large protein molecule and its constituent requires a certain amount of energy.

 

Enzymes Within Cells

 

Enzymes are not mixed evenly throughout the cell, but contained in the compartments. Enzymes contained in the chloroplast for photosynthesis; to respiration contained mainly in the mitochondria are partly contained in the cytosol. Enzymes for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and mitosis contained in the core. 

Grouping of enzymes in the compartment increases the efficiency of the processes of secular because of two things: (1) help ensure that sufficient concentrations of reactants in the enzyme, (2) help ensure that one compound is directed into the required results and are not diverted to other lines by the action of the enzyme other competing and also can work on compounds that anywhere else in the cell. But the grouping of enzymes in these compartments are not absolute as the membrane that surrounds the chloroplast allowing some sugar phosphates generated out photosynthesis. The compounds were then by a number outside the chloroplast enzyme involved in cell wall synthesis and respiration are essential for growth and maintenance of plants.

 

Properties of Enzymes

The properties of the enzyme are as follows: (1) enzyme is active in very small quantities. In biochemical reactions only a small amount of enzyme required to convert a large number of substrates into the results, (2) enzyme is not affected by the reaction dikatalisisnya in stable condition, due to the nature of the enzyme activity of proteins, among others influenced by pH and temperature. At the optimum conditions are not considered an enzyme is relatively unstable compound and is influenced by the reaction dikatalisisnya, (3) although the enzyme accelerates the completion of a reaction, the enzyme does not affect the balance of the reaction. Without the enzyme reaction can be commonly found behind the living system towards equilibrium takes place at a very slow pace. An enzyme that will generate the balance of the reaction at higher speeds, (4) job-specific enzyme catalysis. The enzyme showed specificity for the reaction dikatalisisnya. An enzyme that catalyzes a reaction will not catalyze the reaction of others

enzyme inhibitor

Many foreign substrates inhibit the effect of enzyme catalysis. Some of it is an organic compound (some metal cations) and a few more organic compounds. Both compounds were classified as inhibitors or non-competitive based on its influence on the substrate.
Competitive inhibitors usually have a structure similar to the substrate, so as to compete for the enzyme active site. The concentration of enzyme molecules which effectively reduced so that the reaction rate decreases. The addition of more of the original substrate can overcome the influence of a competitive inhibitor.
Examples of competitive inhibitor is competitive inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase by malonate anion. Succinate dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that mengkatalisi citric acid and fats in the mitochondria. This enzyme is the release of two or three hydrogen atoms of the succinate, the methylene group (-CH2-). Succinate dehydrogenase is inhibited by malonate of succinic resemble because both have two carboxyl groups-containing ions at pH 7.0, but only differ in the three carbon atoms. However, malonate is not terdehidrogenasi by succinate dehydrogenase, malonate only occupy the enzyme active side and lock it so that it can not work on the substrate normal
Non-competitive inhibitors do not have a structure similar to the substrate and enzyme inhibitor complexes formed at a place outside the enzyme active site. Inhibitors cause changes in the structure of the enzyme substrate so that although the original ": bind to the enzyme, catalysis can not take place. For example, cyanide combines with metal ions such as copper ions of certain enzymes of the cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity was inhibited.

Mechanism of Enzyme

How does an enzyme speed up a reaction? Perhaps this question can be answered by describing the events that occurred, if a compound A (substrate) spontaneously converted into compound B (outcome), initially without enzymes and with enzymes

In a number of molecules of compound A at a given temperature there is an average kinetic energy of certain. 
Although most molecules have an average kinetic energy, some molecules have higher kinetic energy and lower than the average kinetic energy, because the molecules collide. These molecules are called molecular "energy rich" and "energy poor". Due to changes in AB spontaneous reaction, the average kinetic energy of molecules A higher than average kinetic energy of molecules B. But only the molecules A rich energy is able to react and converted to molecules B. Therefore, only a few molecules at a certain time, as a result of collisions of molecules that can reach the level of energy needed to be able to react. Energy above the average it takes A to react can be converted into B is called the activation energy. B can also be converted into A, but the activation energy for reaction B A higher because of lower energy state B compared with A.The enzyme will lower the activation energy of a reaction. If the activation energy for the reaction is low, more molecules of A (substrate) can react than without the enzyme. Enzymes increase the overall reaction rate without changing the reaction temperature. 
During the passage of the reaction, while the enzyme and substrate combine to form enzyme-substrate complex. Enzyme-substrate complex was first hypothesized by Fischer, who estimates that between enzyme and substrate occurs unity rigid like a key and the key (Figure 23). The substrate is a key complement to the enzyme or the shape of keys. Parts of the enzyme substrate combination is called the active site.If the complex enzyme-substrate complex is formed, is activated to form the reaction results. Once formed, the results are no longer in accordance with temapt active and released and the active site ready to accept another substrate molecule. 
In contrast to the rigid arrangement of the active site, Koshland estimate that the enzyme and its active site structure that is physically more flexible than had been described beforehand. Koshland describe the dynamic interactions that occur between the enzyme and substrate. If the substrate combines with the enzyme, substrate induces changes in the structure (confirmation) so that the function of the enzyme active site catalysis of the enzyme take place very effectively. This reasoning is known as the hypothesis of "induced fit" (hypothesis corresponding reduced). In some circumstances, the structure of the substrate molecule also changes during the induced fit, so the enzyme-substrate complex more functional

Cofactor, activator, Cluster Prosthetics and Coenzyme

Many of the enzyme for its activity requires the non-protein components called cofactors. Unlike enzymes, cofactors that are stable at relatively high temperatures and remain unchanged at the end of a reaction. Can be divided into three cofactors, namely: an organic ions (activators), prosthetic groups and coenzymes. Many organic molecules, some are related to vitamin, acts as a cofactor. Cofactor molecule will relate closely to the enzyme (as in gugs prosthetic), or only weakly associated with an enzyme such as the coenzyme. In both circumstances, the cofactor acts as a carrier molecule clusters of atoms, single atoms or electrons to be transferred from one place to another in a single metabolic pathway.

a. Inorganic Ions as Enzyme Activators

Activators typically bind weakly with an enzyme. Many of the enzymes associated with glycolysis require metals as activators. Some metals are known to be activators of the enzyme system is Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, K, and Co. 
b. Cluster Prosthetics 
Prosthetic group binds tightly to the enzyme (protein) by covalent bonding. Organic compounds such that the integrated help function misalanya enzyme catalysis, FAD, FMN, and Biotin. For example, FAD-containing riboflavin (vitamin B2), which is part of FAD which receives a hydrogen atom.Several enzymes have a prosthetic group containing metal ions (eg iron or copper in cytochrome oxidase). Prosthetic group of cytochromes act as electron carriers. Upon receipt of the electron, the iron reduced to Fe2 +, releasing electrons at the iron oxidized to Fe 3 +. 
 c. Coenzyme

Many enzymes require a prosthetic group has no other organic compounds called coenzymes for its activity. Coenzyme is not firmly attached to the protein enzyme. Examples of coenzymes are NAD, NADP, coenzyme A and ATP. For example, NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) derived from vitamin nicotinic acid present in the form of reduced and oxidized. In the oxidized state function in catalysis as a hydrogen acceptor is necessary enzyme in plants (and animals).

Plant Physiology

Physiology is a branch of biology that studies the activities and functions of an organism to maintain and organize their lives.Studying the physiology of plants will provide a broad overview and insight on many things that occur in plants. Hundreds and even thousands of chemical reactions going on inside every living cell occurred relatively quickly, transform and produce materials that are essential for plant growth and development.Basically, plant physiology is the study of life processes, activities, life, and symptoms of plant life. Science of physiology has aligned to the science of chemistry, physics, mathematics and science are very large role in discussing the biological principles in modern physiology. With the above knowledge base will be able to understand the various processes of life, life activity, and the symptoms exhibited by living plants or crops.Living organisms can consist of a single cell (uniselluler) or consist of many cells (multiselluler). Cells are the smallest basic unit of every living organism. Thus, the study of plant physiology must be at the start of the cell.An organism is said to live when do two characteristics of life processes: the process of metabolism and eternities (preservation or sustainability). Metabolic process is a process that can be identified as living machines. The process of changing metabolic substances passive to active substances or a process that converts the substances or elements of inorganic substances or organic compounds constituent cells of living organisms including plants. Metabolic process consisting of: nutrition, absorption, and translocation as well as the synthesis and turnover or breakdown, is in the process of conservation is the process that enables living organisms to maintain his generation. Immortality includes several major process of reproduction, adaptation, and control.Cell as the smallest components of living organisms to both characterize the process, because the cells contain protoplasm site of metabolic activity and the core (nucleus) site of a variety of conservation activities. In higher organisms such as plants that are multiselluler where the cells organized into tissues and organs, the division of tasks having to do activities. Each different cells often have a different structure and function. Between structure and function have a very close relationship in conducting various activities of life among cells, tissues and organs that take place in an organized manner.